Message filtering extension appears on one phone but not another

I created a message filter extension, then edited only a few lines from the template source code (for example to return something in the capabilities query).

However no matter what I do, I just cannot get the app to appear in the Settings app - when I turn on "Filter Unknown Senders" there's nothing that appears to select my app.

I've tried rebuilding, deleting/reinstalling the app, restarting the phone, it just won't appear. But then I switched to another phone, and with this phone, when I turn on "Filter Unknown Senders" my app does appear and can be selected and enabled.

But I still cannot get this to happen on the first phone.

Why does the exact same app, exact same build of the app to be precise, appear on one phone but not the other?

The phone it works on has iOS 17.2.1 and the phone it doesn't work on has iOS 17.1.1